Liver Cancer

Signs & symptoms

肝癌可分为原发性或继发性，也称为转移性. Primary cancer arises within the liver and in its early stages exists only within the liver. 在早期，原发性肝癌可能根本没有任何症状. More advanced disease may cause loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue and weakness.

继发性肝癌是指起源于其他器官的癌症, such as the colon, stomach, pancreas and breast, and then spreads to the liver. As the cancer grows, pain may develop in the upper abdomen on the right side and may extend into the back and shoulder. With advanced disease, the signs of liver failure appear, which include abdominal swelling and a feeling of fullness or bloating and jaundice, a condition in which the skin and the whites of the eyes become yellow and the urine becomes dark.

Diagnosis

In making a diagnosis of liver cancer, your doctor will evaluate your medical history and perform a careful physical examination. Certain tests also will be recommended.

对于那些患原发性肝癌风险增加的人, 例如那些患有慢性病毒性肝炎或肝硬化的人, the current recommendation is to have an alpha-fetoprotein blood test and an ultrasound 肝脏检查，至少每年一次. While not perfect, these tests increase the chances of detecting liver cancer at an early stage.

某些血液检查是用来检查肝脏功能的好坏.

X-rays 胸腹造影、血管造影或血管x光; CT scans, or X-rays put together by computer; and magnetic resonance images (MRIs)它是利用磁场产生的，可能是诊断过程的一部分.

If there is uncertainty about the diagnosis, the presence of liver cancer may be confirmed with a biopsy. Tissue from the liver is removed through a needle or during an operation and checked under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells. 你的十大赌博平台排行榜也可能用一种叫做腹腔镜的仪器来检查肝脏, 哪一种是一端有灯的小管状仪器. For this procedure, a small cut is made in the abdomen so that the laparoscope can be inserted. 你的十大赌博平台排行榜可能会在腹腔镜检查时取一小块组织. A pathologist then examines the tissue under the microscope to see if cancer cells are present.

Once primary liver cancer is found, more tests will be performed to determine if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.

Staging

以下是成人原发性肝癌的分期:

• Localized resectable Cancer is found in one place in the liver and can be completely removed by surgery.
• Localized unresectable Cancer is found only in one part of the liver, but the cancer cannot be totally removed.
• Advanced 癌症已经扩散到肝脏的大部分或身体的其他部位.
• Recurrent 癌症在治疗后复发或复发. 它可能会在肝脏或身体的其他部位复发.

Treatments

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy is the use of X-rays or other high-energy rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. 放射来自体外的机器，或称外部放射治疗. 放疗可以单独使用，也可以在手术和化疗的基础上使用.

Chemotherapy

化疗是使用药物杀死癌细胞. Chemotherapy for liver cancer is usually put into the body by inserting a needle into a vein or artery. This type of chemotherapy is called a systemic treatment because the drug enters the bloodstream, travels through the body, 并能杀死肝外的癌细胞. 另一种化疗叫做局部化疗, 一个装有药物的小泵被放入体内. The pump puts drugs directly into the blood vessels, called arteries, that go to the tumor.

Surgery

手术是治疗肝癌最常用的方法. 在某些情况下，我们可以用 robotic surgery, a minimally invasive technique that can reduce recovery time and the risk of surgical complications.